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022			_aOnline ISSN: 2044-6055
022			_aPrint ISSN: 2044-6055
040			_cddc
041			_aEnglish
100			_qAminiel Shangali
245			_aAetiology of ear infection and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among patients attending otorhinolaryngology clinic at a tertiary hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania _ba hospital-based crosssectional study
260			_aMwanza, Tanzania : _bCatholic University of Health and Allied Sciences [CUHAS-Bugando] : _c2023
300			_aPages 01-08
300			_aIncludes References
490			_v BMJ Open 2023;13:e068359.
520			_aAbstract : Objectives : To determine the aetiological pathogens causing ear infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among patients with ear complaints at a tertiary hospital in Dar es Salaam. Design : Hospital-based cross-sectional study. Settings : Otorhinolaryngology clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Participants : Patients presenting with signs and symptoms of ear infection. Main outcome measure : Bacteria and fungi isolated from ear swab specimens of patients presenting with signs and symptoms of ear infection; and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated bacteria. Results : Two hundred and fifty-five participants were enrolled, with a median age of 31 years and an IQR of 15–49. Otitis externa was the predominant type of ear infection, accounting for 45.1%. We observed positive bacteria culture in 53.3% of study participants, in which 41% of isolates were obtained from patients with chronic suppurative otitis media. Moreover, Staphylococcus aureus (27.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.2%) were the most frequently isolated bacteria, while Candida spp, 12 (63.8%) and Aspergillus spp, 9 (36.2%) were the only isolated fungi. Furthermore, we report that 93% of isolated Enterobacterales were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and 73% were resistant to ceftazidime. In addition, we detected 34.4% extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) and 44.4% methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA). We also found that 22% of the bacteria isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, a primary topical antibiotic used in managing ear infections. Conclusions : The findings from this study reveal that the leading aetiological agent of ear infection is bacteria. Furthermore, our findings show a significant proportion of ESBL-PE and MRSA-causing ear infections. Hence, detecting multidrug-resistant bacteria is crucial to improving ear infection management.
700			_qDoreen Kamori
700			_qWillybroad Massawe
700			_qSalim Masoud
700			_qUpendo Kibwana
700			_qAnthony G Mwingwa
700			_qAnselmo Manisha
700			_qAmbele M Mwandigha
700			_qMariam M Mirambo
700			_qStephen E Mshana
700			_q Joel Manyahi
700			_qMtebe Majigo
856			_uhttps://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068359 _yhttps://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068359
942			_2ddc _cVM _n0
999			_c27987 _d27987