000			03775nam a22003737a 4500
003			OSt
005			20240305193734.0
008			221123b |||||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
022			_aEISSN 2414-6366
028			_b Phone: +255 28 298 3384
028			_b Fax: +255 28 298 3386
028			_b Email: vc@bugando.ac.tz
028			_b Website: www.bugando.ac.tz
040			_bEnglish _cDLC
041			_aEnglish
100			_aSaid Aboud _923519
222			_aantimicrobial resistance; quinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae; high level resistance; penicillinase producing-neisseria gonorrhoeae; multidrug resistant N. gonorrhoeae; extensively drug resistant N. gonorrhoeae
245			_aAntimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Patterns of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Patients Attending Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinics in Six Regions in Tanzania
260			_aMwanza, Tanzania: _b Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute & _bCatholic University of Health and Allied Sciences [CUHAS – Bugando] _c2022/6
300			_a Pages 89
490			_vTropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Volume 7 Issue 6
520			_a Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is global health threat that is on the increase, and it has been adversely affecting the proper management of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Data on antimicrobial susceptibility testing patterns of N. gonorrhoeae are limited in local settings. We determined in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and phenotypic profiles of N. gonorrhoeae isolated from STI/Outpatient Department (OPD) clinics. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) (µg/mL) were determined using E-Test and agar dilution methods for previously and currently recommended antimicrobial agents. A total of 164 N. gonorrhoeae isolates from urethral discharge and endocervical swabs were tested. The prevalence of resistant N. gonorrhoeae to tetracycline, norfloxacin, penicillin and ciprofloxacin were 98.6%, 82.2%, 84.3% and 75.6%, respectively. None of the isolates was resistant to kanamycin. Penicillinase producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) was found to be 73.7%, with 56.7% and 43.3% observed among isolates from women and men, respectively. Tetracycline resistant-N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG) was found to be 34.0%, and QRNG with HLR to ciprofloxacin was 79.9%. The overall MDR-NG was 79.9%, and XDR-NG was 3.6%. MIC50 and MIC90 were 4.0 and 8.0 and 2.0 and 4.0 µg/mL for ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, respectively. Dendrograms showed that 44 phenotypic groups are associated with a high rate of AMR among high MDR-NG and moderate XDR-NG isolates. The predominant groups of quinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (QRNG)+PPNG (34.7%) and QRNG+PPNG+TRNG (32.9%) were observed among the isolates having HLR to ciprofloxacin. We reported a high prevalence of AMR (>90%) to previously recommended antimicrobials used for the treatment of gonorrhoea. Multidrug resistant N. gonorrhoeae (MDR-NG) was highly reported, and extensively drug resistant (XDR-NG) has gradually increased to the currently recommended cephalosporins including ceftriaxone and cefixime. Heterogeneous groups of QRNG+PPNG+ and QRNG+PPNG+TRNG were highly resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. A surveillance program is imperative in the country to curb the spread of AMR.
700			_a John M Changalucha _923139
700			_aColeman Kishamawe _944294
700			_a Simon N Buhalata _945832
700			_aMansuet M Temu _945833
700			_a Onduru G Onduru _945834
700			_a Mercy G Chiduo _945055
700			_aGideon P Kwesigabo _945835
700			_a Stephen E Mshana _915820
700			_a Alphaxard M Manjurano _945836
856			_uhttps://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7060089
942			_2ddc _cVM
999			_c19631 _d19631