000			03165nam a22002777a 4500
003			OSt
005			20240305193714.0
008			221007b |||||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
028			_b Phone: +255 28 298 3384
028			_b Fax: +255 28 298 3386
028			_b Email: vc@bugando.ac.tz
028			_b Website: www.bugando.ac.tz
040			_cdlc
041			_aEnglish
100			_a Asha S Ripanda _944245
245			_aContribution of Illicit Drug Use to Pharmaceutical Load in the Environment _b A Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa
260			_aMwanza, Tanzania: _bHindawi & _bCatholic University of Health and Allied Sciences [CUHAS – Bugando] _c2022/6/8
490			_v Journal of Environmental and Public Health Volume 2022
520			_aAbstract Illicit drug abuse and addiction are universal issues requiring international cooperation and interdisciplinary and multisectoral solutions. These addictive substances are utilized for recreational purposes worldwide, including in sub-Saharan Africa. On the other hand, conventional wastewater treatment facilities such as waste stabilization ponds lack the design to remove the most recent classes of pollutants such as illicit drug abuse. As a result, effluents from these treatment schemes contaminate the entire ecosystem. Public health officials are concerned about detecting these pollutants at alarming levels in some countries, with potential undesirable effects on aquatic species and increased health hazards through exposure to contaminated waters or recycling treated or untreated effluents in agriculture. Contaminants including illicit substances enter the environment by human excreta following illegal intake, spills, or through direct dumping, such as from clandestine laboratories, when their manufacturer does not follow accepted production processes. These substances, like other pharmaceuticals, have biological activity and range from pseudopersistent to highly persistent compounds; hence, they persist in the environment while causing harm to the ecosystem. The presence of powerful pharmacological agents such as cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine in water as complex combinations can impair aquatic organisms and human health. These compounds can harm human beings and ecosystem health apart from their low environmental levels. Therefore, this article examines the presence and levels of illicit substances in ecological compartments such as wastewater, surface and ground waters in sub-Saharan Africa, and their latent impact on the ecosystem. The information on the occurrences of illicit drugs and their metabolic products in the sub-Saharan Africa environment and their contribution to pharmaceutical load is missing. In this case, it is important to research further the presence, levels, distribution, and environmental risks of exposure to human beings and the entire ecosystem.
700			_aMwemezi J Rwiza _944246
700			_a Elias Charles Nyanza _922891
700			_a Revocatus L Machunda _944247
700			_aSaid Hamadi Vuai _944248
856			_u https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9056476 _y https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9056476
942			_2ddc _cVM
999			_c19060 _d19060