000			04995nam a22003977a 4500
001			CUHAS/MMED/6000165/T/15
003			CUHAS/MMED/6000165/T/15
005			20240418121442.0
008			210818b |||||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
028			_bWurzburg Road 35, BMC Premises, Post Code: 33102:
028			_bP. O Box 1464, Mwanza – Tanzania:
028			_bPhone: +255 28 298 3384:
028			_bFax: +255 28 298 3386:
028			_bEmail: vc@bugando.ac.tz :
028			_bwww.bugando.ac.tz
035			_aCUHAS/MMED/6000165/T/15
040			_cddc
041			_aEnglish
100			_a Kwiyolecha, Nyangeta. Elizabeth _d[Female] _922427 _eCUHAS/MMED/6000165/T/15
210			_aLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS _bBMC Bugando Medical Centre BHC Buzuruga Health Centre CRP C-Reactive proteins CUHAS Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences FBP Full blood count HMPV Human metapneumovirus ICAM-1 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 LRT Lower Respiratory Tract MPCR Multiplex polymerase chain reaction NDH Nyamagana District Hospital PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction RT Respiratory Tract RTIs Respiratory Tract Infections RSV Respiratory syncytial virus Th1 T helper cell type 1 URTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infection WHO World Health Organization
222			_aOPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS _bTonsillitis Painful swallowing with tender cervical lymph nodes and enlarged tonsils
222			_aOPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS _bPharyngitis Painful swallowing dry cough, plus or minus hoarseness of the voice.
222			_aOPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS _bFever Is the rise in body temperature above the normal, an axillary reading above 37.50C.
222			_aOPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS _bBelow five years One month to fifty-nine months old.
245			_a Etiology, Patterns, Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Among Children Below Five Years of Age in Mwanza City, Tanzania
260			_aMwanza, Tanzania: _b Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences [CUHAS - Bugando] _c2018
300			_axii; 53 Pages
300			_aIncludes References and Appendices
362			_a2018
520			_aAbstract: Background and objective: Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) are the worldwide leading causes of childhood morbidity, frequent primary health care visits, and school abseeintism. The epidemiology of URTI is well studied in most of the developed countries, with sparse data in resource limited countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this study was designed to establish the etiologies and patterns of URTI among children below five years of age in Mwanza City. Methods: A cross sectional hospital based study involving 339 children was conducted in Mwanza city from October 2017 to February 2018. A structured pretested data collection tool was used to collect sociodemographic, clinical and other relevant information. Nasapharngeal swabs and ear swabs were collected. Multiplexpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done to detect respiratory pathogens, and ear swabs cultured to detect ear pathogens. About 4mls of blood samples was collected from each participant for full blood count and C reactive protein (CRP) analysis. Data was analyzed by STATA version 13 as per study objectives. Results: The median age of the enrolled children was 16(IQR: 8-34) months. Most of them 279 (82.3%) presented with fever, and 222 (65.5%) had running nose/congestion. Rhinitis 184 (55.9%), was the commonest diagnosis followed by pharyngitis 64 (19.5%), otitis 16(4.9%) and tonsillitis 6 (1.8%). Viruses were isolated in 159 (46%) of children, commonly detected viruses were: Rhinoviruses (23.9%), Adenoviruses (7.4%), followed by Para influenza type3 (6.7%) and Boca virus (5.6%). Nineteen percent of the enrolled children had more than two viruses; Rhinovirus and Enterovirus being the commonest combination. The most common bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus 5/13 (38.5%), Pseudomonas auregnosa 4/13 (30.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae 1/13 (7.7%). Children with viral pathogens were more likely to have a right shift of lymphocytes (73%- sensitivity) with significant alteration of CRP than with bacterial infections. All of the bacteria isolates (13/339) were resistant to amoxicillin and trimethoprim/sulphamethaxazole with the majority being sensitive to ciprofloxacin, meropenem, vancomycin and amikacin. The majority (257/339) of children were free of symptoms on the eighth day. Conclusion and recommendations: Viruses are the commonest cause of URTI in Mwanza city with rhinitis being the most common diagnosis. Rapid diagnostic assays for viral pathogens causing URTI are urgently needed in developing countries to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions which is associated with increased antibiotic resistance.
600			_x Paediatrics and Child Health _933433
700			_aMhada,Tumaini _920871
700			_aManyama, Festo. E _920572
700			_a Mirambo, Mariam _919715
942			_2ddc _cMP
999			_c18232 _d18232