Contents:

Clinical relevance

Renal handling of drugs and xenobiotics

Pharmacovigilance

Cellular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity

Animal models for the assessment of acute renal dysfunction and injury

contribution to the understanding

Aminoglycosides and vancomycin

pyrimethamine dapsone quinolones

Mercuryinduced renal effects

Hydrocarbons siliconcontaining compounds and pesticides

Lithiuminduced renal effects

Aristolochic acid nephropathy after Chinese herb remedies

Balkan endemic nephropathy

Nephrotoxins in Africa

Paraphenylene diamine hair dye poisoning

Urinary biomarkers and nephrotoxicity 621

E De Broe G A Porter W M Bennett G A Verpooten Editors Clinical Nephrotoxins 2nd Ed 77114

Lead nephropathy

Cadmiuminduced renal effects

Pharmacological aspects of nephrotoxicity

Drug dosage in renal failure

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 681

To you the reader, the joy of discovery begins, for We continue in our goal of providing a text which us the job is done. In this edition, we have corrected is useful, not only to the clinician, but of equal interest past deficiencies, added new topics, expanded infor- to the investigator. The selection of content has been mation regarding the pediatric age group, provided directed at topics of current interest rather than those up to date (March 2003) references, while remaining of historic contribution. We have stressed the cont- true to our concept of a multi-national author book. bution of cell biology and pathophysiology, were it We continue to believe that scientific information is an exists, believing it provides both a better understa- international commodity whose interpretation and ap- ing of toxic injury when known, and a rational dir- plication are strongly influenced by both the cultural tion for therapy and prevention. and ethnic background of the observer. The oppor- nity to share in the rich diversity of the international We are encouraged by the accumulation of rec- scientific community remains a fundamental goal of nized risk factors, which allow pre-treatment strati- this endeavor. To participate as equals leads to mu- cation of our patients’ relative risk and allow us to - tual respect and peer appreciation. The sharing of in- cus our preventative techniques on the individuals tellectual resources fostered by this effort should and most likely to gain the greatest benefit. Common terms and phrases: acid activity acute renal failure administration agents aminoglycoside amphotericin analgesic angiotensin animals associated biopsy blood Cancer cause cells changes chronic Clin clinical compared concentration creatinine culture cyclosporine damage decrease demonstrated disease dose drug dysfunction early effects endothelin enzyme evidence excretion exposure expression factors Figure filtration glomerular Health human hypertension ibuprofen ifosfamide impairment incidence increased induced infections inhibition inhibitors injury Intern interstitial involved isolated Kidney Int lead levels lithium mechanisms membrane mercury necrosis nephritis Nephrol nephropathy nephrotoxicity normal NSAIDs observed occur organic oxide patients perfused Pharmacol Physiol plasma potential pressure prevention production protein proteinuria proximal tubule rats receiving recent receptor reduced renal function reported response risk role serum severe showed significant similar sodium suggested syndrome therapy tion tissue toxicity transplant transport treated treatment tubular urinary urine vitro