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acquired acute adult Aedes Africa amastigotes America animals appearance areas associated become bite blood body brain cause cells Central cercariae characteristic chronic clinical common commonly condition containing cutaneous cycle cyst deficiency develop diagnosis disease distribution East eggs endemic enter faeces feeding female fever figure fish forest haematobium haemorrhagic hatch hepatic hookworm host human important increase infection ingested intermediate hosts intestine involvement japonicum jejunum known larvae lead lesions live liver lung malaria males mansoni mature Medical microfilariae migrate million mosquito numbers occurs organisms parasites passed patient pigs present produces pupae rare rash readily reservoir result rodents schistosomiasis seen severe shown shows similar skin snail soil South species stage staining Table third tick tissues transmitted tropics typhus typical ulcer usually various vector virus wall World worms X-ray